Udinga izixazululo eziqinile zezimo ezinzima. Insimbi engagqwali engu-316L inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu. Lokhu kwenza kube ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu kwakhoizintambo zekhebula zensimbi engagqwali ezizikhiyayo. Kwezindawo ezinselele, 316LIzintambo Zekhebula Zensimbi Engagqwaliinikeza ukuqina nokusebenza okungenakuqhathaniswa.
Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele
- Izintambo zekhebula zensimbi engagqwali ezingu-316Linikeza isivikelo esingcono ekugqwaleni kunezibopho ezingu-304 noma ezingu-321. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-316L inesithako esikhethekile esibizwa ngokuthi i-molybdenum.
- KhethaIzintambo zekhebula ezingu-316L zezindawo eziqinilenjengamanzi anosawoti, izitshalo zamakhemikhali, noma izindawo ezishisa kakhulu. Zihlala isikhathi eside futhi zigcina izinto ziphephile.
- Ukusebenzisa izintambo zekhebula ezingu-316L konga imali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Akudingeki ukuthi zishintshwe njalo, okwenza izinhlelo zakho zithembeke futhi ziphephe kakhudlwana.
Ukumelana Okungalingani Nokugqwala Okungu-316L Kwezintambo Zezintambo Zensimbi Engagqwali Ezizikhiyayo
Udinga izinto eziqinile zezindawo ezinzima. Insimbi engagqwali engu-316L inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okungenakuqhathaniswa. Lokhu kuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu kuweizintambo zekhebula zensimbi engagqwali ezizikhiyayo.
Indima yeMolybdenum Ekuqineni Okuthuthukisiwe
I-Molybdenum iyisici esibalulekile ku-316L. Le ngxube iqukethe cishe i-molybdenum engu-2%. Lokhu kwengeza kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kwemigodi. I-Molybdenum ikhulisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwemigodi futhi ithuthukisa ifilimu engasebenzi. Inciphisa imiphumela ye-oxidizing futhi inciphisa ukuwohloka kwefilimu engasebenzi. I-Molybdenum ikhulisa amathuba okufaka imigodi kanye nokubuyiselwa kwezindawo. Iphinde inciphise izinga lokuncibilika okubalulekile ezixazululweni ze-chloride ezine-acid. Isibalo se-Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) sibonisa umthelela omkhulu we-molybdenum ekumelana nemigodi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-chromium.
Ukusebenza Okuphezulu Ezindaweni Ezicebile Nge-Chloride
Udinga izinto ezisebenza kahle ezimweni ezinzima. I-316L iphumelela kakhulu ezindaweni ezicebile nge-chloride. Isibonelo, ku-6M hydrochloric acid, insimbi engagqwali engu-316L engenalutho ibonise izinga lokugqwala cishe liphansi ngokuphindwe kayishumi kune-bareInsimbi engagqwali engu-304Lo mehluko obalulekile uqokomisa indima ye-molybdenum. Ithuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala futhi ithuthukise inqubo yokudlula.
Ukuvimbela Ukugqwala Nokuqhekeka Kwemifantu
Ukwakheka okuyingqayizivele kwe-316L kuvimbela ngenkuthalo ukugqwala kwemigodi kanye nemifantu. Lezi zinhlobo zokugqwala zingalimaza ubuqotho besakhiwo. Okuqukethwe kwe-molybdenum kwakha ungqimba oluzinzile kakhulu. Lolu ngqimba lumelana nokuhlaselwa kwendawo. Uqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwesikhathi eside kanye nokuphepha kwezinhlelo zakho zokusebenza.
I-316L uma iqhathaniswa ne-304: Kungani i-316L ingcono kakhulu kuma-Cable Ties aZikhiyayo
Udinga izinto ezisebenza kahle njalo ezindaweni ezinzima. Insimbi engagqwali engu-316L inikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu kune-304, ikakhulukazi uma ibhekene nezimo ezigqwalisayo. Izakhiwo zayo ezithuthukisiwe ziyenza ibe ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu kwezicelo ezidinga amandla amaningi.
Izimo Ezinzima Ezilimazayo Ezihlala Njalo
Udinga izinto ezimelana nezimo ezinzima. Insimbi engagqwali engu-316L idlula njalo i-304 ezindaweni ezigqwalisayo. Ukwakheka kwayo okuyingqayizivele kunikeza isivikelo esingcono kakhulu.
| Isici/Imvelo | Insimbi Engagqwali engu-316L | 304 Insimbi Engagqwali |
|---|---|---|
| Ukumelana Nokugqwala Okujwayelekile | Kuhle kakhulu ezindaweni ezivamile nasezindaweni zasolwandle; kungcono kakhulu ezindaweni ezinzima (zasolwandle, zamakhemikhali, zezokwelapha) | Kuhle kakhulu ezindaweni ezivamile; ukumelana okulinganiselwe emanzini agcwele i-chloride |
| Ukugqwala kwe-Pitting | Isebenza kahle kakhulu ekulweni nokugqwala kwemigodi; imelana nemigodi ukuze kube nokuhlushwa kwe-chloride okungu-1000 ppm | Kungabangela ukugoba emanzini agcwele i-chloride |
| Ukugqwala kweCrevice | Iqinisekisa ukumelana okuphezulu kakhulu nokugqwala kwe-crevice | Kungabangela ukugqwala kwemisele emanzini agcwele i-chloride |
| Okuqukethwe kwe-Molybdenum | Iqukethe i-molybdenum, ethuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala | Ayinawo i-molybdenum |
| Izindawo Ezifanele | Izindawo ezinosawoti noma ezine-asidi, amakhemikhali anamandla, amanzi anosawoti, uketshezi lomzimba | Izimo ezithambile, ama-asidi athambile (ukumelana okulinganiselwe) |
Uyabona inzuzo ecacile ye-316L. Inikeza ukumelana okuhle kakhulu nokugqwala, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinzima. Uthola isivikelo esiphezulu ekugqwaleni kwemigodi kanye nokugqwala kwemisele. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuze kube nobuqotho besikhathi eside.
Cabanga ngezindawo ezine-asidi. I-AISI 316L P/M ikhombisa ukumelana okukhulu nokugqwala kune-AISI304L P/Mkuzo zombili izixazululo ze-sulfuric kanye ne-phosphoric acid. Ngenkathi amasampula e-powder metallurgical (kufaka phakathi i-304L kanye ne-316L P/M) angabhekana nokuhlaselwa okukhulu ku-sulfuric acid enamandla (25 kanye ne-50 wt%), i-316L isabonisa ukusebenza okungcono.
Ku-hydrochloric acid (6M HCl), i-316L SS embozwe ikhombisa isici sokuthuthuka esimangalisayo esingaphezu kwezingu-60. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu ku-304 SS embozwe, ekhombisa ukugqwala okukhulu. Okuqukethwe kwe-molybdenum ku-316L kwakha ifilimu engasebenzi esezingeni eliphezulu. Ngokufanayo, ku-sulfuric acid (5% kanye no-25% H2SO4), i-316L SS embozwe inciphisa kakhulu izinga lokugqwala ngama-oda amabili amakhulu, kuyilapho i-304 SS ibhekana nokugqwala okukhulu. Ukwengezwa kwe-2-3% molybdenum ku-316L kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kanye ne-oxidation. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamakhemikhali aqukethe i-saline noma i-chloride. Uqinisekisa ukuthiizintambo zekhebula zensimbi engagqwali ezizikhiyayohlala uphephile.
Ukuphila Isikhathi Eside Emisebenzini Yasolwandle Nasogwini
Izindawo zasolwandle nezasogwini zinezinselele ezinkulu. Ubhekene nokuchayeka njalo emanzini anosawoti kanye nomswakama ophezulu. Lezi zimo zisheshisa ukugqwala ezintweni ezingamelani kakhulu. Insimbi engagqwali engu-316L yenzelwe ngqo lezi zilungiselelo ezidinga kakhulu. Ukumelana kwayo okuthuthukisiwe nama-chloride kuvimbela ukugqwala kwemigodi kanye nokuqhekeka. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye zakho zigcina ubuqotho bazo besakhiwo. Uthola impilo yesevisi ende yezinhlelo zakho zokusebenza. Lokhu kusebenza okuphezulu kuhumusha ekunciphiseni izindleko zokulungisa kanye nokufaka esikhundleni. Ungathembela ku-316L ukuze uhlale isikhathi eside lapho ezinye izinto zehluleka khona.
Ukuthembeka Ekucubungulweni Kwamakhemikhali
Izitshalo zokucubungula amakhemikhali ziveza izinto ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezibolayo. Udinga izingxenye ezingamelana nalezi zimakhemikhali ezinolaka. I-316L iyisinqumo esikhethwayo salezi zicelo ezibalulekile. Okuqukethwe kwayo kwe-molybdenum kuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene ne-chloride pitting. Lokhu kuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezinokuxhumana okuphezulu nezinto ezibolayo.
Cabanga ngesimo esihilela isitoreji se-brine noma i-acid ebuthakathaka. Insimbi engagqwali engu-304 ivame ukwehluleka ukubola phakathi nonyaka owodwa. Ukuyifaka esikhundleni se-316L kwandisa isikhathi sokuphila ngokuphindwe ka-3-5. Lokhu kubonisa ukuqina okuphezulu kwe-316L. Ngemishini yokucubungula amakhemikhali, njengasekukhiqizweni kwama-organic acid, kanye namathangi okugcina kanye nama-reactor, ukhetha i-316L. Inikeza ukumelana okukhulu kokugqwala kuma-chloride nama-acid uma kuqhathaniswa ne-304. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwezibopho zakho zekhebula zensimbi engagqwali ezizikhiyayo kulezi zindawo zezimboni ezinzima.
I-316L vs. 321: Ukusetshenziswa Okubanzi Kwezintambo Zensimbi Engagqwali Ezizikhiyayo
Uvame ukubhekana nokukhetha phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneamazinga ensimbi engagqwali. I-316L kanye ne-321 zombili zinikeza izinzuzo eziyingqayizivele. Kodwa-ke, i-316L ngokuvamile inikeza ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwezintambo zakho zensimbi engagqwali ezizikhiyayo ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nokugqwala okuphezulu kanye nokushibilika okuhle kakhulu.
Ukumelana Nokugqwala Okujwayelekile Ngokuzinza Kokushisa Okuphezulu
Udinga izinto ezimelana nokugqwala ngempumelelo ezimweni ezahlukene. Insimbi engagqwali yohlobo lwe-321 ibonisa ukumelana nokugqwala okujwayelekile okufana nohlobo lwe-304. Ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kwemigodi ezindaweni ze-chloride nakho kuqhathaniswa nohlobo lwe-304 noma lwe-304L. Lokhu kufana kungenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo kwe-chromium okufanayo. Ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu, njengalezo ezihilela amazinga aphezulu e-chloride, i-pH ephansi, noma amazinga okushisa aphezulu, kufanele ucabangele ama-alloy aqukethe i-molybdenum. Uhlobo lwe-316, olunokuqukethwe kwe-molybdenum, lunikeza ukumelana okuphezulu kokugqwala kwemigodi kanye nokugqwala kwemigodi ezimweni ezizungezile eziyinselele uma kuqhathaniswa no-321. Ngenkathi i-321 ihamba phambili ekusetshenzisweni kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lapho ukuzwela kuyinkinga, i-316L inikeza ukuzivikela okuqinile kakhulu ekugqwaleni okujwayelekile kanye nokuhlaselwa kwendawo ezindaweni eziningi.
Ukushibilika Okuhle Kakhulu kanye Nobuqotho Bangemva Kokushibilika
Udinga izinto ezigcina ubuqotho bazo ngemva kokushisela. Insimbi engagqwali engu-316L inikeza ukushisela okuhle kakhulu. Ngokuvamile isebenza kahle njengensimbi engagqwali engu-321 ezimweni eziningi zokucindezela, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokugqwala. Insimbi engagqwali engu-321 inconywa kakhulu lapho ipayipi isebenza ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokushisa bokuzwela (450-850 °C) futhi kamuva ibhekene nezimo zokugqwala zamanzi noma ze-polythionic. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-321SS ibonisa ukumelana okuphezulu nokugqwala komngcele wokusanhlamvu ngenxa yokwengezwa kwayo kwe-titanium. Kodwa-ke, ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-321SS kuya ngokuya kuwohloka ngokushisa okwandayo. Isibonelo, ekuhlolweni kokugqwala okungaguquki ku-500°C kusawoti we-NaCl-MgCl2 eutectic ohlanziwe, i-321SS ibonise ukumelana okuhle. Noma kunjalo, ifinyelele ku-136.70 μm/y ku-600°C kanye no-301.02 μm/y ku-700°C. Lokhu kuwohloka kuvela ekuqhekekeni kwe-chromium okusheshayo kanye nokwakheka kwesigaba se-Fe-Ni, okuholela ekugqwaleni okusobala kwe-intergranular ngaphezu kuka-600°C. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-316L igcina ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokushisa ezibanzi, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokushisela, ngaphandle kwengozi yezinkinga ezihlobene nokuzwela ezimweni zokusebenza ezivamile.
Ukuguquguquka Kuzo Zonke Izilungiselelo Zezimboni Ezihlukahlukene
Uyafunaizinto ezisebenziseka ngezindlela eziningingemisebenzi yakho. Ukumelana nokugqwala okujwayelekile okuphezulu kwe-316L kanye nobuqotho obuhle kakhulu be-post-welding kwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ungayisebenzisa ngokuzethemba ezimbonini zasolwandle, zamakhemikhali, ezokucubungula ukudla, kanye nezemithi. Ukumelana kwayo nezinhlobo eziningi zezinto ezigqwalisayo kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu kusebenza okubanzi kunciphisa isidingo sezinhlobo eziningi zezinto. Wenza kube lula izinqubo zakho zokuthenga kanye nokuthengwa. I-316L inikeza ikhambi elihambisanayo nelisebenza kahle kakhulu lezidingo eziningi zezimboni.
Izicelo Ezibalulekile Ezidinga Izintambo Zekhebula Ezizikhiyayo Ezingu-316L
Udinga izixazululo ezinokwethenjelwa zezindawo eziqinile. Insimbi engagqwali engu-316Lizintambo zekhebula ezizikhiyayozinikeza ukusebenza okubalulekile ezicelweni ezibalulekile. Ziqinisekisa ukuqina nokuphepha lapho ezinye izinto zingaphumeleli khona.
Ukufakwa Kwemikhumbi kanye Nasemanzini
Izindawo zasemanzini nasogwini lolwandle zinezinselele ezinkulu. Ubhekene nokuchayeka njalo emanzini anosawoti kanye nesimo sezulu esibi. Insimbi engagqwali engu-316L, enokuqukethwe kwayo okungu-2-3% we-molybdenum, inikeza ukumelana okumangalisayo nama-ion e-chloride. Lokhu kwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ezindaweni zasolwandle lapho ukufuthwa kukasawoti kuyingozi njalo. Lokhu kwaziswa kungamelana namahora angaphezu kuka-1000 ekuhlolweni kokufuthwa kukasawoti kwe-ASTM B117 ngaphandle kokugqwala. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ubuqotho bezingxenye emapulazini omoya asogwini lolwandle. Indlela yokukhiya yalezi zibopho inikeza amandla aphezulu okudonseka (≥1500N). Lokhu kubalulekile ekuqiniseni izintambo ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu komshini nokudlidliza. Emisebenzini kawoyela negesi ogwini lolwandle, izibopho zekhebula zensimbi engagqwali ezingu-316 zivikela izintambo, amapayipi, nezinye izingxenye ezisekelweni zokubhoboza. Zimelana nemiphumela ebolile yamanzi olwandle, umswakama ophezulu, kanye nemimoya enamandla. Lokhu kuvimbela umonakalo futhi kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kwezinhlelo ezibalulekile.
| Isici | Inzuzo Ezindaweni Zasolwandle/Ezingaphandle Kwasolwandle |
|---|---|
| Izindlela Zokukhiya Ezivikelekile | Ivimbela ukushelela, iqinisekise ukuthi izintambo zihlala endaweni yazo ngisho nasezindaweni ezidlidliza kakhulu ezivamile ogwini lolwandle. |
| Ukucindezeleka Okuqhubekayo | Inikeza ingcindezi efanayo kuzo zonke izinqwaba zekhebula, inciphisa ukukhululeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yokucindezeleka kwemvelo. |
| Insimbi engagqwali yebanga elingu-316 | Iqinisekisa ukumelana okukhulu kokugqwala emanzini anosawoti nezinye izinto ezigqwalisayo. |
Izindawo Zokucubungula Ukudla Nezemithi
Usebenza ezindaweni ezifuna inhlanzeko eqinile kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Insimbi engagqwali engu-316L iyindlela ekhethwayo ekucutshungulweni kokudla kanye nemithi. Inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezinzima njenge-asidi ephezulu noma ukuhlanza ngamandla. Lokhu kuhambisana nezimiso zokuklama zokuhlanzeka ezijwayelekile. Nakuba kungekho mithetho ecacile egunyaza i-316L kunezinye izinsimbi ezingagqwali zezinga lokudla, uyikhetha ukuze ithembeke isikhathi eside.
Izitshalo Zamakhemikhali Neze-Petrochemical
Izitshalo zamakhemikhali kanye ne-petrochemical ziveza izinto eziyingozi. Udinga izingxenye ezimelana nalezi zimo. Izibopho zekhebula zensimbi engagqwali ezingu-316L zinikeza ukumelana okuhle kokugqwala kuma-chloride nama-asidi. Zibaluleke kakhulu ekubambeni amapayipi kanye nemigqa yoketshezi, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izivalo azivuzi. Lezi zibopho zimelana nokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali kanye nokujikeleza kokushisa, okuvamile ezindaweni ze-petrochemical. Ifilimu evikelayo ebusweni bazo izisiza ukuba zimelane nama-asidi, ama-alkali, uwoyela, kanye nezinyibilikisi. Ezindaweni ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chloride noma kwe-sulfur, izibopho zebanga elingu-316 zinikeza isivikelo esengeziwe.
Ukuvezwa Kwangaphandle Nasezimbonini
Udinga izixazululo eziqinile zezindawo zangaphandle nezezimboni. Lezi zindawo zivame ukuhilela amazinga okushisa ahlukahlukene, ukuchayeka ku-UV, kanye nokuchitheka kwamakhemikhali okungenzeka. Insimbi engagqwali engu-316L inikeza ukuqina okuhle kakhulu ngokumelene nalezi zinto. Ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala okuvamile kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufakwa kwakho kuhlala kuphephile futhi kusebenza isikhathi eside. Uthola ukuthula kwengqondo ngokwazi ukuthi izingxenye zakho zibekezelela izimo ezinzima.
Inani Lesikhathi Eside Lezintambo Zezintambo Zensimbi Engagqwali Ezizikhiyayo Ezingu-316L
Wenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile ngemisebenzi yakho. Ukutshala imali ku-316Lizintambo zekhebula zensimbi engagqwali ezizikhiyayoinikeza inani elikhulu lesikhathi eside. Uthola ukusebenza okuphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko.
Ukunciphisa Izindleko Zokulungisa Nokufaka Isikhala Esisha
Ufuna ukunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza. Izibopho zekhebula zensimbi engagqwali ezingu-316L zinciphisa kakhulu izidingo zokulungisa nokufaka esikhundleni. Lezi zibopho eziqinile zinikeza ukonga okungu-30-60% esikhathini seminyaka eyi-10. Uthola lokhu konga ngokugwema ukushintshwa njalo kwezinto ezingamelani kakhulu. Ukunakekelwa okuncishisiwe kanye nesikhathi esincane sokungasebenzi kunegalelo ngqo ekusebenzeni kahle kwezindleko zakho.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukuthembeka Nokuphepha Kwesistimu Okuthuthukisiwe
Ubeka phambili ukuthembeka nokuphepha kohlelo. Izibopho zekhebula zensimbi engagqwali ezingu-316L zinikeza ukuqina okungenakuqhathaniswa. Zinikeza ukumelana okuphezulu kokugqwala kanye nokusebenza okuphezulu. Lokhu kuzenza zilungele izindawo ezisindayo, ezishisa kakhulu, noma ezigqwala. Ezinye izinto zibonisa ukumelana okuncane ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Zifanela ukusetshenziswa ngaphakathi kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa okuphansi. Izibopho zekhebula zensimbi engagqwali ezingu-316L zimelana kakhulu namakhemikhali amaningi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-acid, ama-alkali, uwoyela, kanye nezinyibilikisi. Lokhu kuzenza zifaneleke kakhulu kumakhemikhali kaphethroli, emithi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwasolwandle. Ukuchayeka ezintweni ezigqwala kuvamile lapho. Amandla azo okumelana nokugqwala aqinisekisa ukuthembeka. Unciphisa ingozi yokwehluleka ezindaweni ezidinga amakhemikhali.
Ukukhulisa Ukusebenza Komjikelezo Wokuphila Nokutshalwa Kwezimali
Ufuna imbuyiselo ephezulu ekutshalweni kwakho. Ukukhetha izintambo zensimbi engagqwali ezingama-316L kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle komjikelezo wokuphila. Wandisa isikhathi sokuphila kokufakwa kwakho. Uvikela nezinhlelo zakho ezibalulekile. Lokhu kutshalwa kwezimali okunecebo kuqinisekisa ukuqina okuhlala njalo nokuthula kwengqondo.
Uyabona insimbi engagqwali engu-316L inikeza ukusebenza okungenakuqhathaniswa. Ihamba phambili ngezintambo zakho zensimbi engagqwali ezizikhiyayo ezimweni ezinzima. Ukubeka phambili i-316L kuqinisekisa ukuhlala isikhathi eside nokuthembeka ezinhlelweni ezidinga kakhulu. Ukutshala imali ku-316L kuqinisekisa inani elihle kakhulu lesikhathi eside lemisebenzi yakho.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Kungani ukhethe amalitha angu-316 ngaphezu kwama-304 ezindaweni zamanzi anosawoti?
Ukhetha u-316L wamanzi anosawoti. Okuqukethwe kwawo kwe-molybdenum kumelana nokugqwala kwe-chloride. Lokhu kuvimbela ukugoba futhi kuqinisekisa ubuqotho besikhathi eside ezindaweni zasolwandle.
Ingabe izintambo zekhebula ezizikhiyayo ezingu-316L zifanelekile ukucutshungulwa ngamakhemikhali?
Yebo, ungasebenzisa izibopho ezingama-316L ekucubungulweni kwamakhemikhali. Zimelana namakhemikhali anamandla nama-asidi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokuphepha ezindaweni zezimboni ezinzima.
I-316L iqhathaniswa kanjani ne-321 yokusetshenziswa kwezimboni jikelele?
Uthola ukuthi i-316L inikeza ukusebenza okubanzi. Inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu kakhulu. Ukushintshwa kwayo okuhle kakhulu kuqinisekisa nobuqotho bangemva kokushintshwa kuzo zonke izilungiselelo ezahlukahlukene.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 12-2025
