Insimbi engagqwali ye-Duplex 2205 isibe yincazelo yokusebenza yemikhumbi yokucindezela yokucubungula amakhemikhali, amagobolondo okushintshanisa ukushisa, kanye namapayipi okucubungula aphatha izindawo ezicebile nge-chloride, ama-intermediate e-sulfuric acid, kanye namanzi akhiqizwayo avela ekusebenzeni kwe-oyili negesi. Ibanga lihlanganisa izigaba ze-austenitic neze-ferritic ngezilinganiso ezilinganayo, linikeza cishe amandla okukhiqiza aphindwe kabili kunamazinga e-austenitic angu-304L/316L ngenkathi ligcina ukumelana nokugqwala kwemigodi okuphakeme kune-stainless ejwayelekile ye-austenitic. I-Wow Stainless inikeza ipuleti le-duplex 2205, ishidi, ibha, kanye nepayipi elihlanganisiwe ezinkampanini zobunjiniyela bezitshalo zamakhemikhali kulo lonke elase-US Gulf Coast, izifunda zokucubungula uwoyela-isihlabathi saseCanada, kanye nemizila ye-petrochemical yaseMexico. Izicelo ezijwayelekile zifaka phakathi amapayipi okuphakelwa kwe-reactor, izinhlelo zamanzi enqubo yokuthwala i-chloride, kanye nezingxenye zesakhiwo kuma-absorber e-FGD (flue gas desulfurization) akhonza ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okusebenzisa amalahle. Ukwamukelwa kwe-metallurgy yezigaba ezimbili kanye ne-ASME Code kuye kwaholela ekwamukelweni kwayo yonke imiklamo yesitshalo sokucubungula amakhemikhali kusukela ngo-2018, lapho i-ASME B&PV Code Section VIII ibuyekeza izinto ezimbili ezivunyiwe ngokusemthethweni ngezimfuneko zokufaneleka kwenqubo yokukhiqiza ezinemininingwane.

Kungani i-Duplex 2205 Ithatha Indawo ka-316L Ezindaweni Zenqubo Yokuthwala I-Chloride

I-Duplex 2205 inikeza cishe amandla okukhiqiza aphindwe kabili kunalawo angenasici angama-316L (450 MPa vs 220 MPa), okuvumela ukwakheka kwemikhumbi yokucindezela yodonga oluncane okunciphisa isisindo sezinto kanye nezindleko. Isakhiwo esincane sesigaba esiphindwe kabili sinikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu kwemigodi kanye ne-crevice, nge-PREN (inombolo elinganayo yokumelana nokugqwala kwemigodi) engama-35 uma kuqhathaniswa nama-25 kuma-316L. Ngokugcwala kwe-chloride okungaphezu kwe-1,000 ppm kanye namazinga okushisa okusebenza angaphezu kwama-60°C, i-duplex 2205 iyaqhubeka nokusebenza lapho i-316L ihlangabezana nokwehluleka kwemigodi kanye nokuqhekeka kokucindezeleka phakathi nezinyanga.

Inzuzo yempahla ye-duplex 2205 isekela ukunciphisa isisindo sezinto zokwakha ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi yokucindezela, ngezindlela zodonga oluncane ezinciphisa isisindo semikhumbi ngo-30-40% uma kuqhathaniswa nezilinganiso ezingama-316L ezilinganisweni zokucindezela ezilinganayo. Kuma-reactor enqubo yamakhemikhali amakhulu kanye namathangi okugcina, ukunciphisa isisindo kuhunyushwa ngqo emithwalweni yesisekelo encishisiwe, ukuthuthwa okulula okulula, kanye nezindleko zokwakhiwa kwesiza eziphansi. Ukusekelwa kwesitembu se-ASME Code Section VIII kwenza ukwakheka kwe-duplex 2205 ngaphandle kwemvume ekhethekile yobunjiniyela, okwenza kube lula ukuhamba komsebenzi kobunjiniyela bephrojekthi.

Ezindaweni zenqubo ezithwala i-chloride, i-duplex 2205 ivame ukuba yiyona kuphela incazelo yensimbi engagqwali esebenzayo esinda iminyaka eyi-10-20 yemigomo yempilo yesevisi emazingeni okushisa okusebenza angaphezu kuka-60°C. Ezinye izindlela ezingu-316L zithola ukuqhekeka kokugqwala kwe-chloride stress zingakapheli iminyaka emi-2-5 ezimweni eziningi zesevisi yenqubo yamakhemikhali, okuholela ekuvalweni okungahleliwe kanye nemikhankaso yokushintsha ebizayo. Inzuzo yezindleko ze-duplex 2205 ivame kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okucebile nge-chloride lapho izindleko zokufaka esikhundleni kanye nomthelela wokulahleka kokukhiqiza kokuvalwa okungahleliwe kubusa ekubalweni komnotho kwenqubo yempilo. Izinto zokubhekisela mayelana nokuhambisana nekhodi ye-ASME yemikhumbi yokucindezela yensimbi engagqwali ziyatholakala nge-BSI ku-https://www.bsigroup.com/.

Izindlela Zokukhiqiza Ezigcina Ibhalansi Yensimbi Ephindwe Kabili

Ukwenziwa kwe-Duplex 2205 kudinga ukufakwa kokushisa okulawulwayo kanye nokuphathwa kokushisa kwe-interpass ukuze kulondolozwe ibhalansi yesigaba se-austenite-ferrite engaba ngu-50-50. Ukufakwa kokushisa okweqile noma isikhathi eside ku-300-900°C kukhiqiza imvula yesigaba se-sigma ehlanganisa i-alloy. I-Wow Stainless icacisa ukushiswa kwe-GTAW kanye ne-GMAW ngokushisa okuphezulu kwe-interpass okungu-150°C, ukufakwa kokushisa okulinganiselwe ku-1.0 kJ/mm, kanye nesisombululo se-post-weld annealing ku-1050-1100°C ezigabeni ezisindayo. Izingxenye ezishisiwe njenge-input kuma-gauge alula zivame ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-post-weld uma nje i-qualification yenqubo yokushiswa iqinisekisa ibhalansi yesigaba eyamukelekayo.

Iziqu zenqubo yokushisela ngokwesigaba IX se-ASME ziyimpoqo ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi yokucindezela ye-duplex 2205, kanye namarekhodi okucaciswa kwenqubo yokushisela (ama-WPSR) aqopha ukukhethwa kwensimbi yokugcwalisa, ukwakheka kwegesi yokuvikela, ukulinganiswa kokushisa kwe-interpass, kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-ferrite okubangelwayo ngokwendlela yokulinganisa ye-ASTM A240. I-Wow Stainless igcina ama-WPSR afanelekile kusengaphambili ukuze kube nokulungiselelwa okuvame kakhulu kwe-duplex 2205 weld okuhlanganisa ipuleti elihlangene ne-butt, ipayipi eliya epayipini, ukufakwa kwepayipi, kanye namajiyometri okuxhuma amagatsha, okusekela ubunjiniyela bephrojekthi obusheshayo ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa kwe-WPSR kwephrojekthi ngayinye.

Ukusika, ukwakha, kanye nokulungisa i-duplex 2205 kulandela imikhuba ejwayelekile yensimbi engagqwali ngokunaka ukugqokwa kwamathuluzi. Izinga lokuqinisa umsebenzi le-duplex 2205 lidlula u-316L cishe ngo-30%, okudinga isivinini esincishisiwe sokusika kanye nokuqina kwamathuluzi okwenyuka kwemisebenzi yokulungisa. I-Wow Stainless ishicilela iziqondiso zepharamitha yokulungisa kumakhasimende enza ukwenziwa kwesibili, kufaka phakathi isivinini esinconywayo sokusika, amazinga okuphakelayo, kanye nezincazelo zezinto zamathuluzi zokubhoboza, ukuthepha, ukugaya, kanye nokusebenza kokuguqula imikhiqizo yepuleti, ibha, kanye nepayipi le-duplex 2205.

Izicelo Zesitsha Sokucindezela kanye Nephayiphi Ekucubungulweni Kwamakhemikhali

I-Duplex 2205 ezitshalweni zokucubungula amakhemikhali zaseNyakatho Melika ikhonza amapayipi okuphakelwa kwe-reactor ephethe i-chloride, ukuphathwa kwe-sulfuric acid okuphakathi, izingxenye zangaphakathi ze-FGD absorber ekukhiqizeni amandla okusebenzisa amalahle, kanye nezinhlelo zamanzi ezikhiqizwayo emisebenzini kawoyela negesi. Izitembu ze-ASME B&PV Code Section VIII zokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yokucindezela kusetshenziswa izinto ze-duplex bezilokhu zisebenza kusukela ngo-2018, zisekela imininingwane yobunjiniyela bezitshalo ebanzi. Amaqembu obunjiniyela e-Worley, Fluor, Bechtel, kanye ne-Jacobs avame ukucacisa i-duplex 2205 ekwakhiweni kwezitshalo zamakhemikhali kuwo wonke amaphrojekthi e-US Gulf Coast.

Izinto zangaphakathi ze-FGD absorber ezifaka phakathi ama-demister, amathreyi, kanye nama-nozzle okufutha ekukhiqizeni amandla asebenzisa amalahle zimelela uhlelo lokusebenza olunomthamo omkhulu lwepuleti neshidi le-duplex 2205. Indawo yokulunywa kwe-chloride egcwele i-chloride kuma-absorber e-FGD ibangela ukugqwala okusheshayo kwensimbi yekhabhoni kanye nezinye izindlela ze-316L, kanye nokwehluleka kwemigodi okuvame ukubonwa zingakapheli izinyanga ezingu-18-36 zesevisi. I-Duplex 2205 imunca impilo yesevisi ibe yiminyaka engu-15-25 phakathi kokuphela okuhleliwe, okunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokufaka esikhundleni kanye nomthelela wemali engenayo elahlekile ngesikhathi sokuphela. Izinkampani ze-EPC zokukhiqizwa kwamandla ezifaka phakathi i-Sargent & Lundy, i-Burns & McDonnell, kanye ne-Black & Veatch zivame ukucacisa i-duplex 2205 yamaphrojekthi okwakha nokufaka esikhundleni ama-absorber e-FGD akhiwe kabusha.

Ukuphathwa kwamanzi okukhiqizwe emisebenzini kawoyela negesi, ikakhulukazi imifudlana yamanzi e-high-dissolved-solids (TDS) evela ekucutshungulweni kwe-Permian Basin, Bakken, kanye nesihlabathi sikawoyela saseCanada, kuletha izinselele zokugqwala ezihambisana nekhono le-duplex 2205. Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-chloride ku-50,000-200,000 ppm, i-CO2 encibilikisiwe, kanye namazinga okushisa okusebenza angu-60-90°C kukhiqiza amazinga okugqwala ensimbini yekhabhoni angu-1-5 mm/ngonyaka, kanye nokuqhekeka kokugqwala okucindezelekile okubonwa emishinini engu-316L kungakapheli iminyaka emi-3-5. I-Duplex 2205 yehlisa amazinga okugqwala abe ngaphansi kuka-0.1 mm/ngonyaka futhi isusa ukukhathazeka kwe-SCC, isekela imigomo yempilo yenkonzo yeminyaka engu-20-30 yengqalasizinda yokuphatha amanzi ekhiqiziwe. Imibhalo yokuthobela imithetho ye-NACE MR0175 ibhekiselwa ku-BSI ku-https://www.bsigroup.com/.

Imibhalo Yokuhlolwa Komshini Iyadingeka Yizindinganiso ze-ASME kanye ne-ASTM

I-Wow Stainless inikeza izitifiketi zokuhlola umshini ngokwe-EN 10204 3.1 standard, kanye nokulandeleka kwepuleti ngalinye, ishidi, ipayipi, noma ibha kuya ekushiseni okuthile kanye nefomu lomkhiqizo. Imibhalo ifaka phakathi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ngokwe-ASTM A240, izakhiwo zemishini ngokwe-ASTM A370 kufaka phakathi amandla okukhiqiza, amandla okudonsa, ukunwebeka, kanye nobunzima, kanye nokuhlolwa kokugqwala ngokwe-ASTM A923 standard ukuthola izigaba eziyingozi ze-intermetallic ezintweni ezimbili. Izitifiketi zokuhlola zigcinwa ngedijithali ukuze zigcinwe iminyaka eyi-10 ngokuhambisana nezidingo zemibhalo ye-ASME.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-ASTM A923 kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni imikhiqizo ye-duplex 2205 mill ukuthola imvula yesigaba se-sigma noma yesigaba se-chi engenzeka ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kokushisa okungafanele emshinini wokugaya. Indlela ye-ASTM A923 A (ukuhlolwa kwe-etch) kanye neNdlela B (ukuhlolwa komthelela) kuthola imvula yesigaba, uma ikhona, ebangela ukuziphatha okubuthakathaka ekusebenzeni. I-Wow Stainless yenza ukuhlolwa kwe-ASTM A923 kuyo yonke indawo yokushisa ye-duplex 2205 ngaphambi kokukhishwa, kanye nemibhalo enikezwe kuzo zonke isitifiketi sokugaya njengobufakazi bokuthobela imithetho.

Ngezicelo zemikhumbi yokucindezela ezidinga ukwenziwa kwezitembu ze-ASME, i-Wow Stainless ingakhipha izinto zokuqinisekisa ezimbili ezinesitembu se-US ASME kanye nesitembu sokuqondisa semishini yokucindezela ye-CE/PED yaseYurophu esitifiketini esifanayo sokugaya. Lesi sitifiketi esiphindwe kabili sisekela abakhiqizi abakhonza amapayipi ephrojekthi aseNyakatho Melika naseYurophu ngaphandle kokuthola izinto ezihlukile kanye nemizila yokubhala imibhalo. Izitifiketi zokuhlola umshini zisayinwa ngummeleli wekhwalithi ogunyaziwe oneziqinisekiso ezingaqinisekiswa ngokubhaliswa kwe-inthanethi kwenhlangano eqinisekisayo ukuze kulandelwe uchungechunge oluphelele lwemibhalo.

Izinto Okucatshangwa Ngochungechunge Lokunikezela Ngezinhlelo Zephrojekthi YaseNyakatho Melika

Izikhathi zokukhokha kusukela ekuqaphelweni kwe-oda kuya e-US Gulf Coast noma endaweni yaseCanada zisukela emavikini ayi-14-20 ukuze kube nobukhulu obujwayelekile bepuleti (3-50mm) kanye namashejuli ajwayelekile ephayiphi, ngezikhathi ezinde zokukhokha zokufakwa kwamaphayiphi okukhethekile, amapuleti amakhulu, noma ama-oda amancane ngaphansi kwenani elincane lomshini. I-Wow Stainless igcina amathani angu-300-500 metric wempahla yepuleti ye-duplex 2205 esikhungweni saseWenzhou ukuze kuthunyelwe ama-oda ngokushesha ezindaweni zephrojekthi zaseNyakatho Melika, ngokuxhumana kwempahla kusekela kokubili ukuthunyelwa kwe-FCL kanye ne-LCL okufakwe ezitsheni ngePort of Shanghai kanye nePort of Ningbo.

Ukuhlela ukuthengwa kwephrojekthi kufanele kubhekele izikhathi ezijwayelekile zokuhola okungenani zamasonto ayi-12-16 zobukhulu bepuleti elenziwe ngokwezifiso, ubukhulu bepuleti elikhulu elidlula izinga lokugaya (ngokuvamile ububanzi bamamitha angu-2.5-3.0 kanye nobude bamamitha angu-6-12), kanye nama-oda epayipi adinga ukwelashwa kokushisa okwenzelwe ngokwezifiso noma ukuhlolwa komuntu wesithathu. I-Engage Wow Stainless esigabeni sobunjiniyela bephrojekthi noma sobunjiniyela obuyisisekelo ukuze kuvalwe izikhundla zempahla ngaphambi kokuba amafasitela okuhlela ukugoqa komshini kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa avalwe ngesikhathi esijwayelekile samasonto angu-18-22.

Ngezidingo zephrojekthi yaseNyakatho Melika ezisheshayo, i-Wow Stainless igcina ubambiswano lwempahla e-US Gulf Coast nomsabalalisi oseHouston ogcina amathani angu-30-50 epuleti le-duplex 2205 kanye nepayipi ngobukhulu obujwayelekile. Le mpahla e-Houston isekela ukuthunyelwa kwamasonto ama-2-4 ezinkampanini zobunjiniyela bezitshalo zamakhemikhali kanye nabakhiqizi bemikhumbi yokucindezela ukuze kulungiswe ngokuphuthumayo kanye nezidingo zephrojekthi ezincane. Impahla e-Houston inezitifiketi zokuhlola umshini ofanayo futhi isekela imibhalo yekhwalithi yokukhiqiza ukuze kulandelwe ukuhlolwa kobunjiniyela bephrojekthi.

Ngemibuzo yokuthengwa kwempahla ngepuleti, ishidi, ibha, kanye nepayipi elihlanganisiwe le-duplex 2205 lezitshalo zokucubungula amakhemikhali zaseNyakatho Melika kanye nezicelo zamapayipi, ithimba lokuthumela ngaphandle le-Wow Stainless linikeza ukubonisana ngezincazelo, ukwesekwa kwekhotheshini, kanye nokuxhumana kwempahla. Amasampula esitifiketi sokuhlolwa kwe-Mill kanye nemibhalo yokuthobela imithetho ye-ASTM A240 ayatholakala ku-ikhasi lemikhiqizo ye-Wow Stainless.